Pelagic Ecosystems
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Humpback Whales

Who We Are

John_Moran: John Moran, NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center

John Moran, NOAA Alaska Fisheries Science Center

Lauren Wild, University of Alaska Southeast

Jan Straley, University of Alaska Southeast

Jan Straley, University of Alaska Southeast

Bubbles form curtain
net around prey from below
Is it a fluke?

Why are we sampling?

In the years following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Pacific herring populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska, underwent a dramatic decline and have failed to recover despite the closure of commercial herring fisheries. We are evaluating whether predation on herring by a humpback whale population, which is rebounding after the end of commercial whaling has suppressed the recovery of herring populations within Prince William Sound. Additionally, the presence of humpback whales in PWS plummeted following the North Pacific Marine Heatwave in 2014 and 2015. Our work seeks to find those missing whales, and better understand population dynamics and drivers of humpback whale distribution in the Gulf of Alaska. 

Where are we sampling?

We conduct two annual surveys: a 6-day survey in April each year and a 10-day survey in conjunction with the Gulf Watch Alaska winter bird and forage fish projects during late September. We focus our efforts on locations where whales have historically been observed foraging in Prince William Sound during the spring, fall, and winter (e.g. Montague Strait, Bainbridge Passage, Port Fidalgo, Port Gravina). The fall combined survey reduces vessel costs while increasing our knowledge of interactions among predators, prey, and habitat.

How are we sampling?

To determine if the whales were preventing herring recovery, we have to know how many herring are being eaten by whales. To answer this we need the number of whales are using Prince William Sound, how long do they remain in the Sound, and what are they eating. Whales can be hard to count because they spend so much time under water where they can’t be seen. We use the unique black and white pattern on the underside of their tail, or flukes to identify individual whales and come up with an estimate of abundance.

By photographing and identifying individual whales, we have created and continue to update a catalog of photographs of all the whales seen in our study. Knowing individual whales helps us understand their behavior, how long do they stick around the Sound? Do they have food preferences? Figuring out what they are eating can be tricky. We track the movements of each whale and determine what each whale eats, although it is difficult to find out what they were eating when they feed beneath the surface. We use a variety of techniques to identify whale prey, including jigs and nets to collect fish and krill near feeding whales and fish finders to distinguish zooplankton from fish. We also collect tissue samples from whales by means of a modified cross-bow to shoot a small stainless steel dart tip the size of a pencil eraser.

AN EXAMPLE OF PREY FROM AN AREA WHERE ACTIVE FEEDING OF HUMPBACK WHALES OCCURRED: EUPHAUSIIDS AND FORAGE FISH.

Like fingerprints, unique markings and distinctive trailing edges on the flukes allow researchers to recognize individual whales. Download and use our identification catalog for PWS humpbacks.

LIKE FINGERPRINTS, UNIQUE MARKINGS AND DISTINCTIVE TRAILING EDGES ON THE FLUKES ALLOW RESEARCHERS TO RECOGNIZE INDIVIDUAL WHALES.

During summers, local residents and boat operators provide reports of sightings and the Gulf Watch Alaska killer whale project contributes photo-identifications. These reports and photos are used to track whale movements and estimate the total number of humpback whales in Prince William Sound.

What are we finding?

Long-term monitoring of humpback whales in Prince William Sound shows that whale abundance declined sharply following the 2014–2016 marine heatwave and remains low relative to pre-heatwave levels. In 2025, whale numbers were similar to recent years, and no large aggregations of whales or their prey were observed during surveys.

Humpback whale foraging patterns have shifted in response to changes in prey availability. Prior to the marine heatwave, whales fed primarily on adult Pacific herring. In recent years, whales have more frequently targeted juvenile herring and euphausiids, reflecting a shift in available prey resources. Recent observations indicate that predation on adult herring by humpback whales remains low. Few whales were observed feeding on adult herring in 2025, and overall consumption rates remain well below levels observed prior to the marine heatwave.

These patterns suggest that humpback whales in Prince William Sound have not yet recovered from the effects of the marine heatwave, despite signs of recovery in herring populations. Continued changes in prey availability and ocean conditions are likely to influence the timing and trajectory of recovery for this population.

The abundance of humpback whales and herring mile-days of milt (an index of spawning population size) from Prince William Sound, Alaska.

You can check out the humpback fluke identification catalog showing some of the whales monitored under this program at: Prince William Sound humpback whale fluke identification catalog.